A strong-bonding hole transport material used to improve the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells under ultraviolet light exposure, enhancing device durability in outdoor conditions through its robust interaction with indium tin oxide and lead in the perovskite layer.

Strengthens bonding between ITO and perovskite through its phosphonic acid and carbazole groups, enhancing carrier transport and UV stability to reduce device degradation​

DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4531